Structural differences in the brains of individuals with ADHD have been observed through neuroimaging studies. Key areas of interest include the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum:
Prefrontal cortex:
This area is responsible for executive functions such as decision making, planning, and impulse control. In people with ADHD, the prefrontal cortex is often inactive or developed differently, leading to difficulties in these areas. Underdevelopment or stunting of the prefrontal cortex has been linked to impulsivity and poor decision-making in people with ADHD.
Basal ganglia:
This group of nuclei is involved in motor control and cognitive function. Abnormalities in the basal ganglia are associated with hyperactivity and impulsivity in ADHD. The basal ganglia helps regulate movement and reward processing, and its dysfunction contributes to the motor restlessness characteristic of ADHD.
Cerebellum:
Usually associated with motor control, the cerebellum also plays a role in attention and cognitive processes. Structural differences in the cerebellum may contribute to ADHD symptoms. The involvement of the cerebellum in attention regulation and cognitive tasks suggests that poor cerebellum development affects overall cognitive function in people with ADHD.